Which classification of law governs private rights and provides remedies for breaches of duties owed to others?

• A. Criminal Law
• B. Equity
• C. Substantive Law
• D. Civil Law

Answer: (D)

Private rights and the remedies for breaches of duties owed to others are governed by civil law. This area covers relationships between individuals and organizations, including contracts, torts, and property, and it provides remedies such as damages or orders (like injunctions or specific performance) to enforce those private duties. Criminal law, by contrast, deals with offenses against society and imposes punishment. Equity is a separate body that steps in to provide fair remedies when legal rules alone would be inadequate. Substantive law defines the rights and duties themselves, but the scenario described—private disputes and remedies for breaches—fits civil law most directly.