Which doctrine requires lower courts to follow precedents set by higher courts?

• A. Stare decisis
• B. Equity
• C. Criminal law
• D. Procedural Law

Answer: (A)

Stare decisis is the principle that decisions of higher courts bind lower courts, so rulings become binding precedent that guides future cases. This creates consistency and predictability in how the law is applied, as judges at every level follow established rulings from courts above them within the same jurisdiction, while higher courts may refine or overturn those precedents under appropriate circumstances. The other choices refer to different legal ideas: equity is about fairness and discretionary remedies, criminal law defines offenses and punishments, and procedural law governs the methods and rules for pursuing legal actions.